Topic hub

Contracts and commercial agreements

Drafting, termination, security, confidentiality, technology and cross-border contract terms.

Determine whether a particular surrogacy instalment is due · 13 min

Surrogacy payment milestones: when is an instalment due?

Receiving an invoice does not always mean a surrogacy service instalment has become due. The agreed trigger, its occurrence and the relevant evidence need to be matched. Conversely, a missing document does not automatically justify stopping every payment. Isolate the disputed stage, reconstruct the timeline and seek a focused explanation. This guide concerns contractual payment analysis, not programme eligibility, parentage or the issue of a child’s travel document.

Check whether an additional service and price were authorised · 13 min

Surrogacy package extras: was the service and price authorised?

An extra charge is not established simply because a service was useful or a line appeared on an invoice. Determine whether the work was already included, who requested the change, what price was approved and who performed it. Then examine the relevant contract and legal framework. This guide helps clients, including families handling Chinese-language quotations remotely, distinguish authorised additions from disputed scope or duplicate billing. It neither recommends clinical decisions nor promises recovery of every additional payment.

Audit expense deductions and calculate a supported refund position · 13 min

Surrogacy refunds: audit deductions, incurred costs and unused balances

A refund review has two questions: the legal basis for seeking repayment and the calculation of the amount. A detailed ledger cannot replace the first, but can expose unsupported deductions, duplicate charges and unused funds. Start with payments, then connect each claimed cost to an agreement, performance and evidence. “Non-refundable” and “already spent” are propositions to examine, not final answers in every case. The method below produces a transparent negotiating position without promising a particular refund or treating programme disappointment as proof of a debt.

Review payment sequencing and release scope in a refund settlement · 13 min

Surrogacy refund settlements: payment, releases and enforcement

A refund settlement must identify the payer, payment mechanics, release scope and consequences of non-performance, not just a number. Ending all claims on signature while accepting later payment creates different risks from a carefully defined payment-linked release. Wording needs individual review. Private agreements, court-approved settlements and mediated settlements do not share one automatic enforcement route. This guide reviews the text and execution plan together without promising recovery or allowing financial terms to determine a child's separate status.

Audit a Georgian online shop’s withdrawal, defect and reimbursement workflow for foreign owners · 12 min

Online-shop returns and refunds in Georgia: a policy audit

A Georgian shop should separate consumer and business purchases, distance and in-store contracts, withdrawal and defect remedies. Eligible ordinary withdrawal uses three distinct clocks: fourteen calendar days for notice, seven for dispatch after notice, and fourteen for reimbursement after the trader is informed, with permitted withholding. Exceptions, the chapter’s price threshold, missing information and secondhand goods require further assessment. Audit the confirmation, staff responses, logistics and payment records alongside the public policy. Use the official Georgian text as the starting point.